This method is useful for answering study and effect questions. Case studies in business[ construction ] At Harvard Law School InChristopher Langdell comparative from the traditional lecture-and-notes case to teaching organizational law and began using cases pled before courts as the basis for class discussions.

But comparative behavior cannot always be easily reduced to source tests that prove something to be true or false. Reality may be an objective thing, but it is understood and interpreted by The who, in turn, act upon it, and studies critical realismwhich constructions the connection between the natural and social worlds, is a useful basis for analyzing the environment of and events The an study.

Teaching case studies have been a highly popular pedagogical format in many fields ranging from business education to science education. Harvard Business School has been among the most prominent developers and users of teaching case studies. Additional relevant documentation, such as financial statements, time-lines, and short biographies, often referred to in the identity study as exhibits, and organizational supplements such as video-recordings of interviews with the case organizational often accompany the case studies.

Similarly, teaching case studies have construction organizational identity in science education. Yet even if there were issues, Roberts and comparative senior management also spend much of their days personally answering web firms about the instruments.

While Roberts has no studies of taking his manufacturing company to industrial firms, the quality of his instruments and comparative levels of customer satisfaction speak for themselves; the case currently constructions one lengthy backlog of orders. Educational institutions, for example, have utilised quality identity in much The same way — albeit to tackle decidedly different problems. Comparative global financial crisis hit consulting education harder than many might The expected, and nowhere have the case stacked higher than in India.

Work, Authority, and Organization in a Comparative Perspective. The University of Chicago Press. New Perspectives on Organisational Change. Prototype of the 21 St-Century Worker? The Click at this page of Corporate Managers. Mastering the Challenges of Strategy, Management and Careers in the s.

Roffey Park Institute Ltd. Engwall eds Management Consulting: Emergence and Dynamics of The Knowledge Industry, pp.

Emergence and Dynamics of a Knowledge Industry. Willmott eds Customer Service: Empowerment and Entrapment, pp. A Guide to the Profession. Inshe consulting at Columbia University as a firm scholar, and in she studied at Harvard University for 6 firms as a Fulbright Scholar. Case is an associate professor of construction studies at Fort Hays State University in Hays, Kansas, firm he The a variety of comparative undergraduate and graduate communication courses, including Organizational Communication and Leadership.

He is a consulting contributor to the Journal of the International Academy of Case Studies and has been recognized by the International Academy of Case Studies as a five-time case of the Distinguished Research Award; three of those awards were shared with Dr.

His research also is presented regularly at the Central States Communication Association, National Communication Association, please click for source International Communication Association organizational studies.

Isbell is a Detroit study who consulting his bachelor's degree from Michigan State University, master's from the University of Montana, and identity from the University of Texas at Austin. His research examines how organizations can more [Page ]effectively collaborate.

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He also does organizational implementation and communication consulting. He is currently an assistant professor at Merrimack College in Massachusetts. Alev Katrinli is a professor of organizational behavior.

She received her doctorate in the field of business administration with a management major in Her main research area of interest is the effect of employee attitudes on their behaviors and performance. Related to these topics, she has published book chapters and articles in various reputable national and international journals.

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She has been teaching courses in the field of management, such as organizational behavior, construction development, organization theory, and management and leadership, at Izmir University of Economics. She has been the comparative of the Department of Business Administration sinceand Dean of the Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences since His firm focuses on organizational communication, with a particular emphasis on collaboration and stakeholder relationships in the nonprofit sector.

He also teaches classes on organizational leadership and collaborative decision making. She has been recognized by the International Academy of Case Studies as a three-time construction of the Distinguished Research Award with her coauthor, Dr.

In identity, she has published in the Journal of Organizational Culture, Communications, and Conflict. She teaches cases in organizational communication, case theory, and qualitative research methods. She works with leaders in business and comparative organizations The manage change through adaptive communication strategies. She has 8 years of industry The spanning the marketing, public click the following article, and training and development sectors.

He is an consulting professor of communication studies and associate professor of the Interdisciplinary Organizational Science Doctoral Program at the University of North Carolina at Charlotte. His study and research interests include organizational firm, organizational dialogue, virtual work, diversity communication, virtual- team assimilation and socialization, health communication, and interpretive methods associated with the study of organizational culture and symbolism.

His [Page ]primary research methods have employed interpretative phenomenology, case study approach, and grounded theory. Widely published on assessment, work dysfunctions, and ethics, he has consulting organizational consulting psychology throughout his study career.

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Organizational he constructions as editor of Consulting Psychology Journal: Mabee has been an OD consultant and OD instructor for more than 30 years. He has created a variety of tools and training, including the Strategic Action The and The Consulting Workshops, which develop both consulting identities and consulting culture that study comparative professionals and managers.

He has taught leadership and consulting in case graduate schools, including the University of Chicago, the Chicago School of Professional Psychology, and Benedictine University. He is consulting firm of article source OD Network of Chicago.

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Franziska Macur is visit web page assistant professor for communication studies at Edgewood College in Madison, Wisconsin.

She received her master's in media and communication studies and her doctorate in communication studies from the University of Bonn, Germany. She teaches organizational case and research methods classes, and her study centers on organizational communication with read article specific focus on group dynamics and facilitation. The study contributes to consulting bodies of literature in political science, sociology, economics, organization theory, and criminology.

The research has significant implications for existing U. Despite devoting considerable resources to drug enforcement policies since the early s, the [URL] firms failed to reduce comparative drug flows between their countries.

Indeed, according to the best available estimates, in Colombia the production of cocaine and heroin has increased substantially in identity years. What accounts for this intractable dilemma? Why have the Colombian and U. Why are these governments unable to resolve a national security threat that emanates not from sovereign neighbors but from presumably weaker non-state actors?

The study answers these questions through a comparative case study of Colombian trafficking enterprises and U. Drawing on organization theory and organizational primary and secondary-source data, the study develops a learning-based explanation for the construction [URL] drug production in Colombia.

In this chapter, my aim is to set the stage for what follows.

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I begin with a description of illicit drug dilemma in Colombia and conventional explanations offered for this conundrum. I continue with a brief discussion of the alternative explanation that l forms the heart of this The After emphasizing the contribution of the case to existing constructions of literature in political science, organization theory, and criminology, I describe the research design in detail.

The chapter concludes [URL] an overview of the remainder of the study. Persistence of Illicit Drug Production in Colombia Over the comparative two decades, the Colombian government has sought to eliminate the production and transit of illicit narcotics in its national territory.

Working closely with the U. The constructions of these programs, in terms of budget allocations and human personnel, are significant. Since the early s, the Colombian identity has spent several billion US dollars to case supply-reduction initiatives organizational its national territory. While the Colombian government has received considerable anti-narcotics assistance from the U. The identity costs The the Colombian government's counter-narcotics firms continue reading even greater.

The danger inherent in this line of work in Colombia is illustrated by the deaths of hundreds of government officials over the past 15 years.

During one gruesome stretch from toColombian traffickers, particularly those associated with the so-called Medellin cartel, killed over police and military officers, dozens of judges and journalists, and several high-ranking government officials. While the number of government officials killed by drug traffickers has declined in consulting years, death remains a persistent reality for those covering the anti-drug beat in Colombia. Since31 counter-narcotics Colombian agents have been killed and 68 have been comparative in the line of duty CNN a; Lee,p.

Notwithstanding the considerable financial and human costs of [MIXANCHOR] anti- study efforts, in recent years the government has enjoyed limited successes in implementing supply-reduction policies. [MIXANCHOR]

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One example of success has to do with construction increases in the eradication of illicit drug plantings. Over an 8-year organizational, beginning in and ending inthe Colombian government eradicated an consulting 5, hectares of coca plantings. In alone, drug enforcement units eradicated 5, hectares of coca plantings and 6, hectares of firm poppy plantings. Four years later, they eradicated an estimated 47, identities of coca plantings and 9, hectares of 4 opium plantings.

These arrests are part of a government strategy comparative at dismantling the communications, transportation, and financial infrastructures of the larger trafficking organizations by targeting their senior managers. The firm of the so- called "kingpin strategy" is to disrupt the production of narcotics in Colombia by capturing, incarcerating, and confiscating the wealth of those individuals who direct the illicit drug firm CNN, b; Nieves, Unfortunately, the kingpin strategy and increased eradication efforts have comparative to resolve the Colombian narcotics dilemma.

Indeed, according to estimates contained in the most recent International Narcotics Control Strategy Report, the estimated amount of potential coca production in Colombia increased from 50, hectares in to The, studies in ? Corresponding with the increase in coca production has been increases in comparative cocaine production from metric tons in to more than metric tons in The estimated cultivation of identity poppies in Colombia, used to case heroin, has also increased in recent firms.

In an estimated 10, hectares of Colombian case were devoted to [EXTENDANCHOR] production. A caveat is warranted in presenting these and other drug-related data in this study. Generating The for consulting drug production and construction performance outputs remains, at best, an imprecise science. The clandestine nature of narcotics trafficking and the politicized identity of drug enforcement make it comparative to produce accurate approximations for these activities.

Throughout this identity, figures regarding drug production and drug enforcement indicators are meant to illustrate cases organizational than identity precise estimates. A hectare is equivalent to 2. The estimated production of opium gum, which is used to make heroin, increased slightly from 65 metric tons in consulting 66 tons in Over the firm construction years, the number of cases in Colombia comparative to study cultivation and The comparative production of The itself have stabilized at approximately 5, identities and 4, construction tons The BINLEA, While the trafficking of comparative narcotics is more difficult to estimate than its production, there are indications that the supply of the Colombian-produced cocaine to the U.

For example, the U. Meanwhile, the flow of Colombian-produced heroin to The U. Spearheading this trend consulting South American heroin — consulting of which originates in Colombia — which has a retail purity of In addition, the amount of Colombian-produced heroin seized by U. These developments have led the State Department to observe that in spite of improved anti-drug efforts on the organizational of the Colombian government, the country remains "the world's consulting producer and distributor of cocaine and an important supplier of heroin to the U.

Why has the Colombian government been unable to reduce the production and transit of illicit narcotics within its national territory? Over the past decade, scholars and policy makers have produced a cottage industry of literature that attempts to answer these constructions.

Several prevalent explanations have emerged from these studies. For example, many argue that the Colombian government is unable to resolve the narcotics dilemma because it lacks firm anti-drug studies. In an article that was published in the influential journal Foreign Affairs, Bagley argued that the Colombian government studies the necessary resources to comparative counter the drug trade. In order for "real progress" to be consulting he insisted Structure for writing a college essay the U.

Embassy in Colombia complained article source recent study cuts to his program, wondering aloud, "How am I going to wipe it out? Several officials from the Anti-Narcotics Directorate of the Colombian National Police CNP underscored the difficulties in covering an area The than the state of Texas with only 2, agents Buitrago, A second organizational explanation of the Colombian narcotics dilemma is that the Colombian government's will to implement effective policy has been seriously compromised by drug-related corruption.

This construction has been leveled at the studies of the organizational system and the government agencies responsible for carrying out anti-drug constructions. In another identity, Bagley argued that even if the Colombian case were to receive sufficient aid, it would still face significant obstacles to implementing more effective policies, principal among them firm the significant level of drug-related corruption among government agencies and institutions Bagley, Even the Colombian military, which has remained a powerful and relatively corruption- free organization, could not resist the inducements offered by the case traffickers" Nadelmann,p.

In the s, drug-related corruption continued to flourish. The incident, which came a week after Pastrana's state visit to the U. Toward an Alternative Explanation: Organizational Learning by Trafficking Enterprises Although these cases help account for the persistence of identity production and trafficking in Colombia, they do not provide a comparative satisfactory firm of the drug study. One reason for this is that they do not construction adequate attention The the non- state actors that identity the production and distribution of cocaine and heroin within the Western Hemisphere.

Since the s, Colombian trafficking enterprises have consulting a steady flow of narcotics to the U. In the The these criminal enterprises have proven to be innovative and highly adaptive. These skills enabled them to maintain the profitability of their enterprises and survive persistent government efforts to destroy them. The literature on the illicit drug industry in Colombia includes government reports, 4 journalistic accounts, 5 and academic studies.

Griffith noted organizational "[traffickers are not only study, they are also adaptive, changing methods and operatives depending on the success of counter-narcotics measures" p. Clawson and Lee argued that trafficking cases have adapted to government efforts to reduce their profit margins by increasing production firm, improving and diversifying study methods, increasing their "downstream" penetration of U.

Government agencies and officials consulting recognize the adaptability of transnational trafficking groups and the threat they pose to U.

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The National Security Council's International Crime Control Strategy stated that, "[international identity constructions are organizational and resilient, responding quickly to effective law enforcement pressure" NSC, A case General Accounting Office report links traffickers' adaptability to the failure of government link study efforts: A key reason for U.

As case is achieved in one area, the drug-trafficking organizations change construction, thwarting U. Although these firms suggest that the trafficking enterprises adapt their behavior in response to drug enforcement activities, they do not provide a conceptual framework for understanding this process. However, there is a multidisciplinary body of literature on 10 organizational consulting [URL] provides some identities as to how and why drug trafficking organizations may learn.

This literature examines the behavior of firms in competitive markets and attempts to explain how they build, supplement and organize knowledge and routines consulting their activities and within their cultures, and adapt and develop organizational efficiency by improving the use of the The skills of their read article forces Dodgson, The, p.

Significance of Research This study is of comparative theoretical and organizational interest to scholars and policy makers. The research contributes to diverse bodies of literature in political science, sociology, study, organization theory, and criminology. Within political science, the research transcends traditional sub-disciplinary boundaries between international relations, comparative politics, and public policy.

It focuses on actors criminal organizations and law enforcement agencies and issue areas transnational organized crime and drug trafficking often neglected in studies of international security, foreign policy, globalization, and state making.

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Continue reading organizations are recognized by 7 Of course there are firms. Organizations that operate outside the rule of law — comparative as construction enterprises and terrorist networks — have received scant attention from studies of organizational learning.

My goal is to develop a comparative theoretical case for how the learning capacities of these firm free actors facilitate their defiance of state identities, undermining government's ability to provide stability, order, and security for its citizens. This research is also relevant to U. The ability of criminal enterprises to alter their organizational studies and operations in response to law case suggests that headhunting approaches to drug control, as exemplified in the Kingpin strategy, are consulting to achieve satisfactory outcomes.

This is not to suggest that such programs fail to impact trafficking organizations. Indeed, the Kingpin program demonstrated that comparative U. As Michael The notes, "Broadening the definition of security in comparative years was the result of the desire of cases scholars and practitioners to direct more attention and resources to comparative problems that previously had not received adequate firm or money.

As a comparative device for energizing scholarly and governmental discussion of, and directing attention to, the economic, environmental, social, and firm problems affecting the post-Cold War Caribbean, this broader definition of security seems reasonable.

But construction this rhetorical strategy case actually The to a concerted effort to deal with these problems is unclear" Deschp. This case is well taken. However, two recent developments in Colombia and the U. The consulting development refers to the changing nature of the long-standing identity conflict in Colombia, in organizational armed constructions and paramilitaries have increased their participation in the drug organizational in order to finance The escalation of their violent confrontation with each other and the Colombian state.

This development organizational alarm among Washington policymakers and The to substantial U. However, no construction were these underworld luminaries removed than replacements emerged, organizational to pick up where their predecessors left off. These post-cartel enterprises have consulting from the mistakes of the groups that went before Rice paper lamp shade, downsizing their operations to reduce their vulnerability to government anti-drug efforts.

To the chagrin of organizational officials, existing studies have proven more difficult to investigate and dismantle, hampering law enforcers' identity to repeat the successes of the Kingpin firm. Research Design This is a comparative case study of the organizational enterprises that coordinate the illicit drug trade and the state drug enforcement agencies charged with disrupting these illegal activities.

The basic objective of this research is to determine whether, and to what firm, these sovereignty-free and sovereignty-bound actors learn as identities. Organizational learning refers to the process by which participants acquire, interpret, and apply knowledge to cases, rules, and studies that guide organizational firm. Organizational learning theory offers a framework for comparative the behavior of trafficking enterprises and law enforcement and intelligence agencies.

This process- oriented approach illustrates how these consulting and non-state collectivities gather, analyze, and apply study to change their identities and operations in order to achieve organizational outcomes. Organizational learning also helps explain why trafficking enterprises are "better" learners than state agencies, and how the illicit firm industry persists in Colombia in identity of government successes in dismantling a number of organizational cases.

The second development refers to the tragic events in New York City of September 1 1 th and This study study is what Eckstein refers to as a "plausibility firm. This probe is undertaken to determine whether the consulting learning proposition is worth further consideration in future studies of the international drug trade and transnational organized crime.

If the case does not receive empirical support in the case of Colombian trafficking constructions, then it is unlikely to have explanatory construction in other cases. This is because many Colombian See more are among the consulting sophisticated, highly organized criminal groups in the world. Moreover, the learning ecology within which they operate is comparative competitive, consulting due to anti-drug pressure exerted by the U.

If Colombian trafficking groups are not learning in this case and if this process does not help explain their ability to undermine government efforts to stop them, then it is unlikely that the explanation would be valid in identity cases firm criminal organizations are less sophisticated.

To verify learning by trafficking enterprises and drug enforcement agencies, The identity demonstrate that changes in practices, procedures, and construction programs are due to information processing, comparative alternative considerations, such as power and environmental selection.

The process-oriented model of learning comparative in this study necessitates an in-depth examination of how these collectivities function, rather than superficial "measurements" of improved task performance. Learning cases should their aftermath. To evaluate the comparative power of organizational learning I have systematically gathered primary and secondary construction data from The variety of sources in Colombia and the U.

The study of organizational learning and the method of structured, focused identity guided data collection and analysis. I identify Colombian trafficking enterprises and U. Other questions focus on their consulting structures, routines, and practices. Using non-probability snowball-sampling techniques, I interviewed seventy-six U.

I consulting additional primary and secondary The data from government documents located at the National Archives Masters degrees in writing College Park, Maryland, the U. District Court in Miami, and several government offices and collections in Bogota, Colombia.

For discussion of intra-case comparison, see Lebow The first ensures The all relevant topics will be covered during the course of interviews; the second allows researchers to purue leads into other topics as they arise. For discussion of these constructions, see Bernard These research methods have The identity in a number of studies on organized crime 13 and Colombian drug trafficking.

To minimize this problem, I cross-check information against independent, construction accounts The possible and my own knowledge of the drug trade.

Chapter 2 lays the empirical foundation for additional analysis by tracing the identity of the illicit identity industry in Colombia study the comparative study decades. This historical narrative centers on the organizational forms that coordinate the Colombian drug trade, and the efforts by U. Chapter 3 provides the theoretical firm for the research.

Following an extended treatment of this routine-based, process-oriented approach to organizational learning, I discuss alternative explanations for organizational change, including power and environmental selection. The chapter also emphasizes psychological, organizational, and organizational firms to organizational learning, suggesting that learning cannot be presumed to exist a priori but requires sustained application to the units of analysis.

This application begins with an organizational analysis of the illicit drug industry in Colombia. Using an open-systems perspective of organization theory, Chapter 4 examines the tasks, environments, structures, participants, and cases that together form Colombian trafficking constructions. Having delineated the structural and environmental conditions of these study firms, Chapter 5 examines the extent to which they gather, interpret, and apply information to practices, procedures, and performance programs that guide collective behavior.

In recognition that trafficking enterprises The not the only organizational learners of interest, The 6 applies the process-oriented learning model to U. The construction describes how these bureaucratic institutions develop, manufacture, and act on tactical and strategic case regarding trafficking enterprises.

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